James A. Falcone 2016 Raster Digital Data Set Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7CR5RFF James A. Falcone 20150930 published report USGS Data Series 948 Reston, VA U.S. Geological Survey http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds948 This dataset provides an additional "Grazing Potential" land use class to the previously published U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Program (NAWQA) Wall-to-Wall Anthropogenic Land-use Trends (NWALT) product (Falcone, 2015, USGS Data Series 948). As with the NWALT, the dataset consists of five national 60-m land use grids, for the years 1974, 1982, 1992, 2002, 2012. The only change to the dataset is, for every year, some pixels which are class 50 "Low-use" in the NWALT, are reclassified to a new class 46 "Grazing Potential Expanded". The purpose of the re-classification is to identify areas which are likely to have had at least some grazing activity based on agreement of historical land cover/use datasets, and not already captured as another land use class by the original NWALT. The re-classification occurred as follows: pixel would otherwise be in class 50 (Low Use), is in an Agriculture or Grazed class in Marschner and Anderson (1967), is in an Agriculture or Rangeland class in 1970s-era GIRAS, and is in a Grassland/Herbaceous class (71) in the NLCD 2011, without restrictions to proximity to water or slope. The purpose of the dataset is to add to Grazing Potential information in the NWALT, specifically to map areas which are not currently classified as Grazing Potential, but feasibly could be. The rationale behind creating this dataset is that USGS programs often define "Agriculture" in the NLCD to be the sum of classes 81, Pasture/Hay, and 82, Cultivated Crops. Those two classes are carried over to the NWALT as classes 44, Pasture/Hay and 43, Crops. There is common agreement however that some low-level animal grazing likely occurs in at least some portion of other areas, notably NLCD class 71, Grasslands/Herbaceous, and that simply excluding all of that as "Agriculture" causes an under-estimation of some areas of animal grazing. The original NWALT attempted to address this by adding a new class 45, Grazing Potential, which had mapped some of these areas, based on a fairly tight agreement of the NLCD 1992, the 2009 Crop Data Layer, proximity to water, and slope. However, it was observed that the original class 45 itself was overly conservative and still probably under-estimated low-intensity grazing lands. The product created here expands that Grazing Potential to a new class 46, which has a less conservative approach, and additionally incorporates information from pre-1970. The new information provides more flexibility for land use mapping, for example, for allocating county-level animal counts to the landscape. A supplemental spreadsheet with the NWALT-defined class definitions and the new class 46 definition is provided with the raster data. 2002 2002 ground condition Complete As needed -130.232828016 -63.672191851 51.667162237 21.742307778 none inland waters Land use Land-use trends Grazing Land cover None Conterminous US Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming None 1974-2012 none none James A. Falcone US Geological Survey, NAWQA mailing address

12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

MS 413 National Center

Reston VA 20192 USA 703-648-5008 jfalcone@usgs.gov http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/ds948.jpg Illlustration of data set jpg Thanks to Nancy Baker for data review. Esri ArcGIS 10.3.1 (Build 4959) Service Pack N/A (Build N/A) See USGS DS 948 at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds948 for full description of NWALT classes See process steps below. Complete Not performed. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has either not been conducted, or is not applicable. Fallcone, J.A., 2015, U.S. Geological Survey 201509 raster digital data http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds948 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 1974 2012 observed Falcone, 2015 Base land use dataset to which the Grazing Potential classification was added, for five periods. Marschner, F.J. and Anderson, J.R., 1967, U.S. Geological Survey 1967 vector digital data http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/na70_landuse.xml Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 1967 observed Marschner and Anderson, 1967 Dataset representing pre-1970s land use and used to identify previously classified grazing land. NLCD 2011 201404 raster digital data http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd2011.php Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 2011 observed NLCD 2011 Dataset used to identify grasslands for current era Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-cover Datasets of the U.S. Geological Survey, Price, C.V., Nakagaki, N., Hitt, K.J., and Clawges, R.M, 2006 2006 raster digital data http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/240/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources 1972 1985 observed Price and others, 2006 Provides information about historical land use for era 1970s-early 1980s and used to identify land previously classified as agriculture or rangeland. This product reclassifies a portion of NWALT class 50 pixels ("Low Use") to a new class 46 ("Grazing Potential Expanded"). This is based on taking a pre-1970s-era USGS mapping of Agriculture and Grazed lands (Marschner and Anderson, 1967), identifying areas of agreement with those classes in the 1970s-era GIRAS (Price and others, 2006), and reclassifying it to new "Grazing Potential" class if in a Grasslands class in the NLCD 2011 (class 71) and "Low Use" in the appropriate year of the NWALT (Falcone, 2015), and not already classified as Agriculture. 20151005 The following were the process steps for creating this dataset: (A) Convert the Marschner and Anderson (1967) polygon dataset to a 1-km grid. The Marschner and Anderson dataset has a stated scale of 1:7,500,0000 and is a broad representation of land use regions representing approximately the 1950s-1960s era. It was identifed as the best available consistent pre-1970s representation of national land use. One of its further advantages is that it separates much of the U.S. West into "grazed/mostly grazed" and "mostly ungrazed" classes. The classes for the Marschner and Anderson data are as follows: 1 - Mostly cropland; 2 - Cropland with grazing land; 3 - Cropland with pasture, woodland, and forest; 4 - Irrigated land; 5 - Woodland and forest with some cropland and pasture; 6 - Forest and woodland mostly grazed; 7 - Forest and woodland mostly ungrazed; 8 - Subhumid grassland and semiarid grazing land; 9 - Open woodland grazed (pinon, juniper, aspen groves, chaparral and brush; 10 -Desert shrubland grazed; 11 -Desert shrubland mostly ungrazed; 12 -Alpine meadows, mountain peaks above timber line, sparse dry tundra, lava flows, and barren land; 13 -Swamp; 14 -Marshland; 15 -Moist tundra and muskeg; 16 -Urban areas; 17 -Open water; 99 -Great Lakes, Canada (B) Reclassify classes 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9, and 10 to a new grid "potgraz_pre70", with a value of 1. (C) Reclassify the already-gridded GIRAS dataset classes 21-24 ("Agriculture") and 31-33 "Rangeland" to a new grid "potgraz_giras", with a value of 1. (D) For each of the five currently-existing NWALT grids, execute the following lines of GRID code to create a grid with a new class 46: setwindow luXXXX_0508815 luXXXX_100515 /* (NWALT grid, where XXXX represents the year, 1974, 1982, 1992, 2002, or 2012) setcell 60 luXXXX_100515 = con(luXXXX_100515 eq 50 and nlcd2011_lc eq 71 and potgraz_pre70 eq 1 and potgraz_giras eq 1, 46, luXXXX_100515) (E) Verify that the resultant grids - lu1974_100515, lu1982_100515,lu1992_100515, lu2002_100515, lu2012_100515 - have an identical number of pixels and are identically aligned with the original NWALT grids, and that no pixel other than a class 50 pixel was modified. 20151005 Raster Grid Cell 52212 80595 1 NAD 1983 Albers (ESRI Full Name: NAD_1983_Albers) 29.5 45.5 -96.0 23.0 0.0 0.0 row and column 60.0 60.0 Meter D_North_American_1983 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Attribute Table Table containing attribute information associated with the data set. Producer defined VALUE Grid value Author 11 Water Producer defined 12 Wetlands Producer defined 21 Developed, Major Transportation Producer defined 22 Developed, Commercial/Services Producer defined 23 Developed, Industrial/Military Producer defined 24 Developed, Recreation Producer defined 25 Developed, Residential, High Density Producer defined 26 Developed, Residential, Low-Medium Density Producer defined 27 Developed, Other Producer defined 31 Semi-Developed, Urban Interface High Producer defined 32 Semi-Developed, Urban Interface Low-Medium Producer defined 33 Semi-Developed, Anthropogenic Other Producer defined 41 Production, Mining/Extraction Producer defined 43 Production, Crops Producer defined 44 Production, Pasture/Hay Producer defined 45 Production, Grazing Potential Producer defined 46 Production, Grazing Potential Expanded Producer defined 50 Low Use Producer defined 60 Very Low Use, Conservation Producer defined COUNT Count of pixels in class Automatically generated 360366 1039327422 These attributes represent the land use classes of this product none US Geological Survey - ScienceBase mailing address

Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

Denver CO 80225 USA 703-648-5008 sciencebase@usgs.gov Although this data set has been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data and related materials. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Raster Digital Data Set National land use grid for 1974, 60-m resolution win zipped 223.5 http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7CR5RFF None. This dataset is provided by USGS as a public service. 20160520 U.S. Geological Survey James Falcone Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team Mailing

445 National Center

Reston VA 20192 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS) http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Dataset+ds948_NWALT FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 20250421 14311600 TRUE